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Did the Western Word Do Enought for the Jewsish essays

Did the Western Word Do Enought for the Jewsish essays "When they came for the gypsies, I did not speak, for I am not a gypsy. When they came for the Jews, I did not speak, because I wasnt a Jew. When they came for the Catholics, I did not speak, for I am not a And when they came for me, there was no one left to speak." -On the Wall at the Holocaust Museum in Washington It is impossible to learn about the Holocaust and the Second World War without the question of how it possibly could have happened arising, and along with that question comes another. The question of whether or not the Western World did enough to help the Jews in Europe. What was their reaction to the campaign of systematic persecution, robbery and murder the Third Reich inflicted upon the Jewish people? During the time leading up to the outbreak of World War II, the Western Press consistently carried numerous reports of the Germans anti-Jewish policies and their purposeful victimization of the Jews living in Nazi Germany as well as the annexed territories. The general public cannot claim that they did not know what was going on, that they were uninformed. Whether or not they chose to believe it however, is a completely different story. The public were indeed outraged in many of the cases but the governments of the major European democracies felt that it was not for them to intervene for they felt that the Jewish problem classified as an internal affair within a sovereign state. The truth behind this is simply that the governments were anxious to establish cordial relations with Germany and didnt want to cause any hostility. Thus they stood idly by and remained silent as Hitler went from denying the Jews of their civil rights to denying them of their means of earning their daily bread. As much as they wanted to remain neutral, the countries of the Western World were finally forced to take a stand on the issue of emigration ...

Congressional Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Congressional Speech - Essay Example For too long we have witnessed the erosion of the power of the people. We, the people, are America. It is time we stand again and make our voices heard. Public education and its financing is paramount to our future and to our place in the world. I believe it is our role on the world's stage to play the lead in innovation and change for the good of mankind. America is falling behind in science and the arts. We lag behind in those areas in which we once dominated. We have been witness to the slow erosion of student scores as well as to the funding of our educational system. House Speaker Tip O'Neill once observed that 'all politics is local'. We all understand that education, too, is a local issue. We understand that our state, our cities and our neighborhoods have the ultimate responsibility for funding and the making of decisions. We would not have it any other way. But the federal government has a significant role in the process as well. The federal government funds local schooling in the neighborhood of ten percent of its budget (ed.gov 2006). While it is not the role of our government to wag the dog of public education, we have the right to expect the issuance of standardized guidelines within which we can all operate our school districts, refining as we see fit, taking into account that which is best for our children. We have a right to expect the very highest sta

The neglect of the elderly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

The neglect of the elderly - Essay Example This physical trauma can be a huge element as much research also suggests that older people who have been abused tend to die earlier, which is a huge concern. For the elderly, it highly imperative that they don’t experience this short of emotional trauma in their later years. A huge element to understand regarding elderly abuse is the fact that it can occur anywhere. There is much misconception that suggests that elderly neglect only occurs in senior homes which is not true at all. As a matter of fact, elderly abuse tends to take place where the senior lives: most often in the home where abusers are often adult children, other family members such as grandchildren, or spouses/partners of elders. Elder abuse can also occur in institutional settings, especially long-term care facilities. One of the most pivotal factors of elderly neglect is the fact that there is no single pattern of elder abuse.  Conducive research proves that sometimes elder neglect is a continuation of long-standing patterns of abuse emotionally, physical, and mentally occurs within the confinements of the home. Cooper (2008) Often time, the elderly become the victims of this trap because they are fragile and cannot speak up. With the domestic structure of the modern family continuing to grow, elderly in the family have become a more inferior group and are more likely to be abuse. Since the elderly are dependent on the family for financial and emotional support, they also easily become the target for additional mental abuse. Cooper (2008) An important aspect regarding elderly abuse that it is just not confined to just older adults who have poor physical health or cognitive inhibitions that are likely to experience this abuse.  Older individuals who are alone and depressed along with those who may have a physical disability or mental illness are vulnerable to abuse. It is evident that mental deterioration due to elderly neglect can

Reporting results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Reporting results - Essay Example Financial results, information, and conclusion may be reported in balance sheets, activity statements, and cash flow statement amongst others. The information on the balance sheet, activity statement, and cash flow statements are connected. Whereas balance sheet provides the financial position of an organization, activity statement provides the reports on the entitlements and obligations in respect to taxation and cash statement flow projects, the cash inflow and outflow within organizations (Finkler, 2010). The cash flow statements of organizations are derived from balance sheets and activity statements. On the other hand, taxation entitlements and obligations as obtained from activity statements are derived from expenses that dependent on cash availability portrayed within the balance sheet (Finkler, 2010). In addition, the changes in stock as illustrated by balance sheet are used within activity statements to calculate the income of the organization for tax entitlements and obligations. From the above explanations there is enough evident that the information in balance sheet, activity statement, and cash flow statements are connected and not independent and some allude. The financial statements heavily borrow from each

Sainsburys corporate governance and information disclosure

Sainsburys corporate governance and information disclosure This paper attempts to demonstrate the annual report of Sainsbury from its corporate governance aspects and evaluate the information provided in the annual report from 5 parts: the main corporate governance mechanisms, the ownership structure, the audit report, the audit committee, and the voluntary disclosures. 2.0 corporate governance mechanisms The chairman of the Board is Philip Hampton since 2004. It consists of three Executive Directors and six Non-Executive Directors. 2.1 Division of responsibilities between the Chairman and the Chief Executive Corporate governance of Sainsbury set division of responsibilities between the Chairman and the Chief Executive. The chairman is the leadership of the board. His responsibilities are designing its agenda and ensuring effectiveness of the board. Also the chairman of Sainsbury keeps communicating with shareholders effectively because the Board must know the opinions of major shareholders. In addition he makes sure that the Chief Executive could get a strategy, which must be supported by the Board as a whole. Furthermore Philip Hampton promotes constructive relations between the Executive and Non-Executive Directors. Justin King is the Chief Executive of Sainsbury, his responsibilities is executing the strategy, which was agreed by the Board. He also creates a framework of values, organization and objectives to make sure the successful delivery of key targets. Finally he takes a leading role, with the Chairman, in the relationship with all external agencies and in promoting Sainsburys. The division of responsibilities can help company to increase corporate governance and reduce the principal-agent problem. Chief Executives strategy must be agreed by the Board, at the same time, the Chairman must effectively communicate with shareholders. Therefore the Board will monitor the strategy and make sure it is represent the shareholders profit. 2.2 Independence of Non-Executive Directors Non-Executive Directors are elected by shareholders at the first Annual General Meeting and appointed for an initial three-year term. If they get mutual agreement and shareholders agreement, their appointment could be extended for a second term. There has a regulation to increase the independence that all the Non-Executive Directors are independent according to the provisions of the Code. This means that there is no compromise to the independence of the Directors who have executive or non-executive roles with other companies. Directors may have a direct or indirect interest that conflicts with companys interests without independence. The Board has established procedures for the disclosure by Directors of any such conflicts, and also for the consideration and authorization of these conflicts by the Board. In accordance with the Act, the Board considered and authorized each Directors reported potential conflicts of interest during the year. The Board will continue to monitor and review potential conflicts of interest on a regular basis. 2.3 Remuneration Committee The Committee is chaired by Bob Stack who was appointed a Non-Executive Director and Chairman of the Committee on 1 January 2005. There are four main responsibilities for Remuneration Committee: First, determining and agreeing with the Board the broad remuneration policy for the Chairman, Executive Directors and the Operating Board Directors; Second, setting individual remuneration arrangements for the Chairman and Executive Directors; Third, recommending and monitoring the level and structure of remuneration for those members of senior management within the scope of the Committee, namely the Operating Board Directors and any other executive whose salary exceeds that of any Operating Board Director; Fourth, approving the service agreements of each Executive Director and including termination arrangements. 3.0 Ownership J Sainsbury plc is a PLC (Public limited Company). Also it has a limited liability, which means that no shareholder of Sainsbury is personally responsible for the debts, obligations, or acts of the company. From the data of FAME, GOVERNMENT OF QATAR via its funds has 26.01% of total shares, THREE DELTA (HOLDCO) LLP own 25%, RAZINO LTD occupy 6.98%, LORD SAINSBURY OF TURVILLE has 5.83%, LEGAL GENERAL GROUP PLC via its funds own 3.99%, and BLACKROCK, INC. via its funds own 3.52%. (Specific data will be shown on appendix) 4.0 Audit Report Sainsbury invite PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP to do the audit for the company. In Sainsburys 2009 annual report PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP demonstrate the audit report, which shows their responsibilities, basis of audit opinion and audit opinion. 4.1 Audit opinion Audit opinions in the 2009 annual report reflect three things First, in accordance with IFRSs as adopted by the European Union , the Group financial statements give a true and fair view about Groups affairs as at 21 March 2009 and its profit and cash flows for the 52 weeks then ended; Second, the financial statements and the part of the Remuneration report to be audited have been properly prepared in accordance with the Companies Act 1985 and, as regards the Group financial statements, Article 4 of the IAS Regulation; Third is about the information, which is given in the Directors report is consistent with the financial statements. From audit opinion, we can understand 5.0 Audit Committee In 2009 annual report, I find members of the Committee are independent Non-Executive Directors. Auditor independence has been strengthened by this The main responsibility for audit Committee of Sainsbury is to monitor the integrity of the financial statements and any formal announcements relating to the Companys financial performance, also reviewed any significant financial judgments contained in them. The Committee has responsibility to make sure the Companys financial controls and the systems of internal control and risk management work efficiently. Where any weaknesses were identified, the detailed actions for resolution are closely monitored through to completion. In addition, the Committee has implemented the Companys policy which restricts the engagement of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP in relation to non-audit services. This is another useful function for audit committee of Sainsbury to increase the auditor independence. The policy is designed to ensure that such services do not have influence on external auditors independence and objectivity. Another very important responsibility for audit committee is the system of internal control. The Audit Committee has reviewed the effectiveness of the system of internal control. In addition, if there have some weakness of the system of internal control, the committee must make sure the relevant remedial actions are taken to solve these problems. 6.0 Evaluation of the quality of any Voluntary Disclosures This paper will show Sainsburys Voluntary Disclosures from four aspects: food, employee environment, and social. 6.1 Food Basing on 2009 annual report, we can see that Sainsbury tries its best to provide and inspire customers to eat a healthy food. Without decreasing the taste and quality or increasing the prices, the company makes products as healthy as possible. There also have some highlights during 2009 on this part. For example, reducing the fat in their products and reducing the sugar in all of their squash lines by ten per cent. Products are the most important elements for a supermarket. Sainsbury pay a lot of attention on improving the healthy of their products. And this voluntary disclosure can help the company to attract more customs. 6.2 Employee During the year ending March 2009 Sainsbury generated 5,000 new jobs by opening 11 new supermarkets. Also the corporation created a program called You Can, which now have over 2,000 colleagues participating in. 760 colleagues have been recruited in 2008/09 by providing job opportunities to the long-term unemployed and disadvantaged. 6.3 Environment Sainsburys was the first UK food retailer to publish an environment report which we did in 1996. The company holds Reduce, Re-use, Recycle, in order to minimize the waste from its business and customer. The highlights during 2009 are environmentally efficient stores, which was first opened Dartmouth, Devon. This green store focuses on decreasing overall CO2 emissions, energy consumption. Also, the green store efficiently uses the Rainwater to harvest, by which can reduce mains water usage by 60 per cent, saving around one million litters of mains water every year. This disclosure will highly increase the corporate reputation of Sainsbury. 6.4 Social This is another part, which can significantly improve Sainsburys corporate reputation. From 2009 annual report, we can find several highlights, for instance, Active Kids, which was beginning in 2005, in 2009 Sainsbury donated over  £70 million worth of sports equipment and experiences to schools, nurseries, Scouts and Girl guiding UK. In addition, Food Donation program, In 2008/09 the company donated over  £5 million worth of surplus food to a network of charities across the UK. Sainsbury do well in this part, it help a lot of people at the same time, companys reputation increase by disclosing these information. Even though customs lost confidence during 2008, Sainsbury still have good performance in 2008/2009, the important reason is the actions, which was mentioned in the environmental and social disclosures help the company to increase their reputation in their customs mind. 7.0 Conclusion In conclusion, Sainsbury par a lot of attention on independence not only on internal company but also on external auditors. This is very important for a company to increase its corporate governance. Meanwhile, making sure managers represent the shareholders profits. Furthermore, according to the voluntary disclosure, we find that Sainsbury regard company reputation as the most important part. Because of this, Sainsbury still performance well in recent year even the economical environment is worse in UK.

Joseph Stalin :: Biography, Staling

Joseph Stalin was a very powerful and murderous dictator (Joseph 1). He was the second leader of the Soviet Union (Stalin 1). Joseph Stalin’s real name was losif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili was born on December 18, 1879 in Gori, Georgia (1). Was educated at the Tiflis Theological Seminary (Kreis 1). Was born of illiterate peasant parents, his harsh spirit have been blamed on undeserved and severe beatings by his father, inspiring vengeful feelings toward anyone in a position to wield power over him (Stalin 1). His mother set him on a path to become a priest, and he studied Russian Orthodox Christianity until he was nearly twenty (1). He studied at a theological seminary where he began to read Marxist literature ( Joseph 1). He never graduated, instead devoted his time to the revolutionary movement against the Russian monarchy (1). Stalin was not one of the decisive players in the Bolshevik seizure of power in 1917, but he soon rose through the ranks of the party (Joseph 1). After Lenin’s death in 1924, a triumvirate of Stalin, Kamenev, and Zinoviev governed against Trotsky and Bukharin ( Stalin 2). The final stage of Stalin’s rise to power was the ordered assassination of Trotsky in Mexico in 1940, where he had lived since 1936 (Stalin 2). Indeed, after Trotsky’s death only two members of the â€Å"old Bolsheviks† remained – Stalin himself and his foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov (2). Stalin consolidated his power base with the Great Purges against his political and ideological opponents, most notably the old cadres and the rank and file of Bolshevik Party (Stalin 2). The population suffered immensely during the Great Terror of the 1930s, during which Stalin purged the party of ‘enemies of the people’, resulting in the execution of thousands and the exile of millions to the gulag system of slave labor camps (Joseph 1). He also orchestrated a massive famine in the Ukraine in which a estimated 5 million people died (Stalin 2). It is believed that with the purges, forced famines, state terrorism, labor camps, and forced migration, Stalin was responsible for the death of as many as 40 million people within the borders of the Soviet Union (2). These purges severely depleted the Red Army, and despite repeated warnings, Stalin was ill prepared for Hitler’s attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941 (Joseph 1). His political future, and that of the Sovi et Union, hung in the balance, but Stalin recovered to lead his country to victory (1).

Of Mice And Men Report

Although Lennie from â€Å"of mice and Men† and Mrs. Jones from â€Å"Thank You Ma’am†are similar in a way the authors portray them as caring, there are diffrences in theses characters that help readers understand important themes in the two stories. Lennie and Mrs. Jones have little similarties, But yet have many diffrences There are some similarties between Mrs. Jones The main characters in the twon storys. Both characters are sympathetic towards others. Lennie from â€Å"of Mice and Men† showed many sympathetic action towards other charcters and animals. (pg. 58)An rabbits, lennie said eargily; and id take care of them tell how id do that George† this showed that lennie cared for rabbits. Mrs. Jones is Also very sympathetic for another. She show sympathy by helping out a young boy who was in need of food and money. Mrs. Jones bring a boy into her home and fixes him up a hot plate of food. The boy had once had tried stealing from her, so she sees if she can trust the boy by turning her back towards he purse while she was cooking, to see if the boy would runaway with her purse. â€Å"(Pg. 9) Theres nobody home at my house,† said the boy. â€Å"Then we’ll eat said the woman. † â€Å" I believe your hungry- or been hungry-to try to snatch my pocket book. † Mrs. Jones notices that the boy most likely had no one around to buy food or buy him clothes so she shows sympenthy by helping him out. Later on we find out that the boy was stealing to buy some knew blue suaed shoes. Mrs. Jones gives hime ten dallors,and trreaches him a very important life lesson. She shows him that you don’t need to steal to get what you want you ask or either work to get what you want in life. Despite Lennie and Mrs. Jones similarties they have very important diffrences. â€Å"Pg. 90) the woman did watch her purse to see if the boy would runaway, nor did she watch her purse when she left it behind her bed. † This action shows that Mrs. Jones is intellegant Because she left one of her great valuables behind her to test the boy if he would runoff with her purse. In contrast, lennie also had diffrences from Mrs. Jones. A matter of fact Lennie would have some else speak for him for he was mentaly slow. He was of say the wron thing and getting him self into trouble. â€Å"(Pg. 62)What the hell you laughing at? Curly † â€Å"Lennie looked blankly at him, ‘huh? ’† Lennie got him self into trouble and curly began to swing on Lennie and lennie cried for George/ George yelled for lennie to fight back to protect himself and lennie did. This action showed that Lennie wasn’t very intellegant to keep his mouth shut and be quite to himself. Also it shows how slow he is by having Gorege telling him What to do.

Renaissance and the church

Renaissance and the church The renaissance period is known to have had various effects on the Catholic Church, both positive and negative. This was the period when the Catholic Church gained a lot of popularity from people. However, it was also during this period when the church almost collapsed. This paper seeks to establish the various ways that the rise and the near collapse of the church were due to the renaissance period.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Renaissance and the church specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the very many contrasts that were existent during this period, there was a declining influence of the Catholic Church. Most humanists thought that the church still had traditional rules, values and policies which they felt that they were getting outdated and should therefore change. In the earlier periods, the Catholic Church was an imperative part of the structure that was based on the faithfulness between vassals of the feudal system and the lords. In the renaissance period however, there was a shift on focus from religious matters to money matters. The church had a hard time adjusting to this fresh philosophy. As a result the church had been accused on the grounds of corruption on several occasions, an act which gave the church a bad reputation. The high regard of the church was also wounded as some church heads desecrated the biblical regulations they were delegated to uphold and existed no differently that the worldly merchants and political numbers. This was additionally compounded by the comprehension by the new sovereigns that, in order to maintain supremacy, the church had to operate according to its traditional rules and regulations, practices that were fading in the church. This was because some church leaders were acting in a manner which was in accordance to the principles of the Catholic Church. Although there was decline in the popularity of the Catholic Church during this era, there w as some growth in religious matters. This mostly happened in the 14th to the 15th century in a period which later came to be known as The Reformation. It was more critical in the 16th century. Decline of the Church The papal patio was mortified when, in the in the early years of the 14th century, the French emperor enforced them to Avignon. This strained move led the churches uppermost leaders to emerge as the subjects of France.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The church, in its place of providing religious leadership to the rapidly shifting society, became pre-occupied with its management of staff and procedures. The dilemma became even worse during the Great Schism, when opponent popes vied for power of the church. This was evidence of greed in the church. The ultimate outcome further lessened the political weight of the church. There were commendable leaders of the Catholi c Church for the duration of these times. Nicholas V and Pius II, who followed after the latter, were educated, devout and dignified heads of the church. There were in addition other popes, like Alexander VI, who was pope in the year 1492, Julius II and also Leo X, who were primarily concerned with the political grounds, the endorsement of their families and the benefaction of the art. These popes additionally weakened the capability of the Catholic Church to have authority on the society and also in politics. With its destabilized authority, the church established that its papal power was getting increasingly challenged, both in the vicinity and countrywide. These tests to the papal influence, known as â€Å"heresy†, burgeoned, and critics turned out to be more candid and copious The Growth of Religion The worry of the churches situation was a consequence of the power of the church, not the flaw. The pressure of the Catholic Church was failing but there was yet increasing re cognition of religion all the way through all regions of Europe (Barry, 11). Religion started to revolutionize. Preachers called on the sinners to ask forgiveness (repent). This association believed in straight revelations from God devoid of the church as an agent. People who protested the Catholic Church, along with their contradictory beliefs, posed a menace to customary religion. Popular unorthodox movements sustained their growth and continued to dare papal authority. Some fractions of these movements happened to be so willing to have the whole Catholic Church done away with. For the duration of the 14 century, a British theorist, John Wycliffe started airing his grievances against the Catholic Church in his trainings and scripts. These heretics grow to be popular due to their attacks, but they hang about as a small underground. The preponderance of the reformers expected to modify the Catholic Church, not get rid of it. There was a very significant theologian in the early times of the 16th century at the University of Paris who supported conciliar theory. This hypothesis aimed at making a reformation to the Catholic Church by eliminating the supreme influence of the pope and putting it in a common council.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Renaissance and the church specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The renaissance period can hence be seen as a period that meant a lot of trials and consequent tribulations to the Catholic Church as a whole. It kept the church in constant upheavals (Starn, 22). Barry, William. The Renaissance. The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. Vol. 12. Starn, Randolph. A Postmodern Renaissance? Renaissance Quarterly. 2007. 60(1): 1-24

Alcatraz essays

Alcatraz essays In western California, in San Fransisco Bay, Alcatraz rises 130 feet above the surface of the bay and is about 1755 feet long. The United States Depeartment of Justice used the island as a Military Prison from 1868 until 1933, when it became a federal prison for dangerous prisoners. The prison was closed in 1963. In 1972 Alcatraz became part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. The island has many natural features such as gardens, tide pools, and bird colonies. This year marks the 30th Anniversary of the occupation of the Alcatraz Island by Indians of all tribes. The name Alcataz derived from the spanish word Alcatraces. It was given to the island by a spanish explorer namedm Juan Manuel de Ayala. The name Alcatraz means pelican or strange bird. Well known prisoners that stayed in Alcatraz were Al Capone, George Machine-Gun Kelly, Alvin Karpis, and Arthur Doc Barker. At Alcatraz, a prisoner had 4 rights: food, clothing, shelter, and medical care. Everything else was a privilege and had to be earned. Privileges that had to be earned were: working, corresponding with and having visits from family members, access to the prison library, and recreational activities. Over the 29 years that the federal prison operated, 36 men, including 2 who tried to escape twice, were involved in 14 separate escape attempts. 23 were caught, 6 were shot and killed, and 2 drowned. No one ever succeeded in escaping from Alcatraz. Although, to this day, there are 5 prisoners listed as missing and presumed dead. The average population for the prison was between 260 and 275 prisoners. The prison never once reached its maximum capacity of 336. Some prisoners considered Alcatraz better than other Federal Prisons. After the prison closed, it was basically abandoned. Many ideas were brought up for the island. From 1909 through 1911, Alcatraz wa ...

Research Foundational Theorists Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Foundational Theorists - Assignment Example Sigmund Freud contributed many concepts and theories to the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Freud speculated that there were three components of the personality that existed at separate levels of consciousness -- id, ego and superego. The id controls what the person wants and nothing more, the ego tries to appease the id in realistic ways, and the superego aims for perfection, often acting as the conscience by making the person feel guilty about misbehaving (Freud, 1990). Freud also initiated the talking treatment as a way of healing, which is when a person would simply talk their way through their problems, enabling Freud to pinpoint the cause of their problems. This method is one of the more common approaches in therapy today. Harry Harlow also made his own contributions to the behaviorist school of psychology in regard to the need for a human to have a feeling of attachment to someone and to create a bond, demonstrating the importance of companionship in social and cognitive growth. He proved this by isolating baby monkeys from their mother and seeing if they preferred a wire parental figure or a cloth one. The results showed that they preferred the cloth one, as it was more warm and comfortable. Philip Zimbardo brought insights to the social school of psychology through his famous Stanford Prison experiment, which helped to understand institutional norms. Zimbardo picked a sample of normal people, brought them to a makeshift prison and gave them roles. It was not long before the â€Å"prison guards† began to treat the â€Å"criminals† as if they were real criminals. The experiment ended up getting out of hand, with many subjects experiencing severe emotional disturbances (Zimbardo, 2007). By easily falling into their roles, Zimbardo proved that people are impressionable and obedient when provided with sound ideology and social and institutional

Role & Functions of Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Role & Functions of Law - Research Paper Example The famed writer of Civil Law, Sanchez Roman defined law as a rule of conduct, just, obligatory, laid down by a legitimate power for common observance and benefit. (Nolledo 1978, p. 1) Another requisite is the existence of a sanction or punishment in case of non-observance of the rule of conduct. The sanction may be in the form of either or some of the following: fine, imprisonment, forfeiture of rights and properties, payment of interest or surcharges, liability for damages, expulsion or deportation, and exile. Nolledo (1978) presented following characteristics of business law, to wit: (1) it is universal because it exists in every civilized society; (2) it is progressive because as time passes, business law accumulates new ideas and keeps abreast with modern trends; (3) it is equitable because business transactions involve exchange of values and considerations; (4) it is customary because its rules are followed from time to time or are invoked in every day transactions; and finally (5) it is uniform because within a country, a business act or contract is governed by the same rules. (p. 8) In an article written by Bushman (2007), she recognized the importance of law in the successful operation and existence of business and society. Accordingly, she stipulated that â€Å"laws regulate social behavior, which leads to a society that runs efficiently. Laws also supply ethical standards and expectations, while providing rules of conduct, measures to enforce those rules, and a means for settling disputes. According to Gillies (2004), â€Å"the formal view of law is that it functions to regulate human behavior in obedience to an infinity of different policies. In particular, it aims to regulate relations between persons for in a crowded society, people have to co-exist and occasionally their interests collide†. (p. 4) Other functions of law include: peacekeeping; checking government power and promoting personal freedom; facilitating planning and the